A Comprehensive Review of the Current Monkeypox Outbreak.

Area of Science:

• Epidemiology
• Virology
• Public Health

Background:

• Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, an orthopoxvirus.
• First identified in 1958 and the first human case in 1970, it was declared a global health emergency in July 2022.
• Transmission occurs through direct/indirect contact with lesions, respiratory droplets, or animal contact.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review current literature on monkeypox.
• To cover transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and epidemiology.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of monkeypox.
• Analysis of transmission routes, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations.
• Evaluation of diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and control strategies.

Main Results:

• The disease presents with a prodromal phase followed by a rash, typically starting on the face and spreading to the trunk and limbs.
• While usually mild and self-resolving, antiviral therapy (e.g., tecovirimat) may be necessary.
• Control measures include avoiding contact with infected individuals and vaccination for high-risk groups.

Conclusions:

• Monkeypox control relies on preventing exposure and vaccinating at-risk populations, including the immunocompromised, pregnant women, and children.
• Understanding transmission dynamics and clinical features is crucial for effective public health response.
• Continued research and surveillance are essential for managing monkeypox outbreaks.