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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within...

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3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse

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Microstructural and Microvascular Alterations in Psychotic Spectrum Disorders: A Three-Compartment Intravoxel

Faye McKenna^1,2, Pradeep Kumar Gupta¹, Yu Veronica Sui^1,2

¹Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Schizophrenia Bulletin

|March 15, 2023

Summary

New imaging techniques reveal microvascular and microstructural changes in psychotic spectrum disorders (PSDs). These changes correlate with cognitive deficits and disease duration, offering potential biomarkers for PSD.

Keywords:

diffusion MRI free water gray matter inflammation magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging memory perfusion white matter

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Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Psychiatry
Vascular Biology

Background:

Microvascular and inflammatory processes are hypothesized contributors to psychotic spectrum disorders (PSDs).
Empirical data supporting these pathophysiological mechanisms in PSDs are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate microvascular and microstructural alterations in gray and white matter in individuals with PSDs.
To explore the relationship between these imaging metrics, cognitive function, and disease progression.

Main Methods:

Utilized a three-compartment intravoxel incoherent motion free water imaging (IVIM-FWI) technique.
Quantified perfusion fraction (PF), free water fraction (FW), and anisotropic diffusion (FAt) in gray and white matter.
Compared metrics between 55 young adults with PSD and 37 healthy controls (HCs).

Main Results:

Significantly increased PF, FW, and FAt in gray matter of PSD group compared to HCs.
Significantly increased PF and FW, with decreased FAt, in white matter of PSD group.
In patients, IVIM-FWI metrics correlated with cognitive test performance (memory, processing speed) and duration of psychosis.
Associations found between IVIM-FWI metrics and specific metabolites in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Conclusions:

The three-compartment IVIM-FWI model yields metrics sensitive to microvascular and microstructural changes in PSDs.
These metrics are associated with cognitive impairments and may serve as biomarkers for disease progression.