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Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

18
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

14
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Related Experiment Video

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Scanning Electron Microscopy of Macerated Tissue to Visualize the Extracellular Matrix
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Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy.

Hongqun Liu1, Henry H Nguyen1, Ki Tae Yoon2

  • 1Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.

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Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) involves cardiac dysfunction due to liver disease, impacting heart chamber function and stress response. Understanding CCM

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Hepatology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis patients without prior heart disease.
  • CCM presents as chamber enlargement, impaired contractile response to stress, and repolarization changes.
  • CCM contributes to mortality after liver transplantation and hepatorenal syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review elucidates the pathogenic mechanisms underlying cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.
  • Focuses on the interplay between inflammation and metabolic defects in CCM development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CCM pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular pathways involved in cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis.

Main Results:

  • Two primary pathways drive CCM: inflammation from portal hypertension and metabolic defects from liver insufficiency.
  • Inflammation involves endotoxin translocation, cytokine storms (TNFα), and altered gas signaling (NO, CO), impacting cardiac function via cGMP and CB-1 pathways.
  • Liver insufficiency causes protein defects (titin, collagen, myosin) and lipid alterations, leading to diastolic and systolic dysfunction, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • CCM results from combined cellular and molecular damage driven by hepatic insufficiency and portal hypertension.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapies for CCM, an unmet medical need.