Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vector Algebra: Method of Components01:08

Vector Algebra: Method of Components

14.2K
It is cumbersome to find the magnitudes of vectors using the parallelogram rule or using the graphical method to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. There are two ways to circumvent this algebraic complexity. One way is to draw the vectors to scale, as in navigation, and read approximate vector lengths and angles (directions) from the graphs. The other way is to use the method of components.
In many applications, the magnitudes and directions of...
14.2K
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models01:06

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models

102
Pharmacokinetic models are mathematical constructs that represent and predict the time course of drug concentrations in the body, providing meaningful pharmacokinetic parameters. These models are categorized into compartment, physiological, and distributed parameter models.
The distributed parameter models are specifically designed to account for variations and differences in some drug classes. This model is particularly useful for assessing regional concentrations of anticancer or...
102
One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation01:24

One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation

616
This lesson introduces two critical methods in pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson and Loo-Riegelman methods, used for estimating the absorption rate constant (ka) for drugs administered via non-intravenous routes. The Wagner-Nelson method relates ka to the plasma concentration derived from the slope of a semilog percent unabsorbed time plot. However, it is limited to drugs with one-compartment kinetics and can be impacted by factors like gastrointestinal motility or enzymatic degradation.
On...
616
Vector Algebra: Graphical Method01:10

Vector Algebra: Graphical Method

12.6K
Vectors can be multiplied by scalars, added to other vectors, or subtracted from other vectors. The vector sum of two (or more) vectors is called the resultant vector or, for short, the resultant.
We use the laws of geometry to construct resultant vectors, followed by trigonometry to find vector magnitudes and directions. For a geometric construction of the sum of two vectors in a plane, we follow the parallelogram rule. Suppose two vectors are at arbitrary positions. Translate either one of...
12.6K
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

137
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence...
137
Linear time-invariant Systems01:23

Linear time-invariant Systems

316
A system is linear if it displays the characteristics of homogeneity and additivity, together termed the superposition property. This principle is fundamental in all linear systems. Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems include systems with linear elements and constant parameters.
The input-output behavior of an LTI system can be fully defined by its response to an impulsive excitation at its input. Once this impulse response is known, the system's reaction to any other input can be...
316

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editorial: Challenges to EEG/MEG graph analysis and how to face them.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2023
Same author

Autoregulation of blood flow drives early hypotension in a rat model of systemic inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

PNAS nexus·2023
Same author

Functional Changes in Cortical Activity of Patients Submitted to Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: An Exploratory Pilot Study.

American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation·2021
Same author

Frequency Domain Repercussions of Instantaneous Granger Causality.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
Same author

Partial directed coherence: twenty years on some history and an appraisal.

Biological cybernetics·2021
Same author

Kernel Methods for Nonlinear Connectivity Detection.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2020
Same journal

Recovery in gait and posture: a network-based approach to the assessment of rehabilitation effectiveness after spinal cord injury.

Frontiers in network physiology·2026
Same journal

Visual attention and postural stability among older adults participating in health-enhancing physical activity: a systematic review.

Frontiers in network physiology·2026
Same journal

Predictive modeling for cervical cancer: existing AI approaches and the emerging role of vaginal microbiome.

Frontiers in network physiology·2026
Same journal

From visibility graphs to cognition.

Frontiers in network physiology·2026
Same journal

Geometric pacing: external reference support as a principle of physiological stabilization in aging and pre-pathological states.

Frontiers in network physiology·2026
Same journal

Quantifying cognitive effort's impact on suppression of epilepsy-associated after discharges.

Frontiers in network physiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Statistical Modelling of Cortical Connectivity Using Non-invasive Electroencephalograms
08:51

Statistical Modelling of Cortical Connectivity Using Non-invasive Electroencephalograms

Published on: November 1, 2019

5.7K

Partial Directed Coherence and the Vector Autoregressive Modelling Myth and a Caveat.

Luiz A Baccalá1, Koichi Sameshima2

  • 1Laboratório de Comunicações e Sinais, Departamento de Telecomunicações e Controle, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Frontiers in Network Physiology
|March 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Partial Directed Coherence is not solely dependent on Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling. Spectral factorization is the core concept, with VAR modeling serving as a convenient tool for Granger Causality estimation.

Keywords:
Granger causalitynonminimum phase systemspartial directed coherencespectral factorizationtime series connectivity modellingtotal partial directed coherence

More Related Videos

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach
04:35

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Published on: July 3, 2020

3.4K
Measurement of the Directional Information Flow in fNIRS-Hyperscanning Data using the Partial Wavelet Transform Coherence Method
08:42

Measurement of the Directional Information Flow in fNIRS-Hyperscanning Data using the Partial Wavelet Transform Coherence Method

Published on: September 3, 2021

3.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Statistical Modelling of Cortical Connectivity Using Non-invasive Electroencephalograms
08:51

Statistical Modelling of Cortical Connectivity Using Non-invasive Electroencephalograms

Published on: November 1, 2019

5.7K
Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach
04:35

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Published on: July 3, 2020

3.4K
Measurement of the Directional Information Flow in fNIRS-Hyperscanning Data using the Partial Wavelet Transform Coherence Method
08:42

Measurement of the Directional Information Flow in fNIRS-Hyperscanning Data using the Partial Wavelet Transform Coherence Method

Published on: September 3, 2021

3.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Signal Processing
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Partial Directed Coherence (PDC) is widely assumed to be dependent on Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling.
  • This assumption may lead to misconceptions about the fundamental principles underlying Granger Causality estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the core mathematical concept behind Partial Directed Coherence.
  • To differentiate the essential components of Granger Causality estimation from specific modeling techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Demonstration through illustrative examples.
  • Focus on spectral factorization as the fundamental technique.
  • Comparison with Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling.

Main Results:

  • Partial Directed Coherence is fundamentally based on spectral factorization, not exclusively on VAR modeling.
  • VAR modeling is a practical, though not essential, tool for implementing PDC and Granger Causality.
  • Instantaneous Granger effects are also encompassed by this framework.

Conclusions:

  • The understanding of Partial Directed Coherence should shift from VAR dependency to spectral factorization.
  • Care must be taken when analyzing multivariate data from non-minimum phase systems to avoid incorrect connectivity capture.