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Related Concept Videos

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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels.  Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Electrical Manipulation of Quantum Coherence in a Two-Level Molecular System.

Likun Wang1, Dan Bai1, Yunpeng Xia1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

We demonstrate controlling quantum coherence in single hydrogen molecules using electric fields. This allows precise manipulation of molecular quantum states and atomic-scale electrostatic field mapping.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Molecular spectroscopy
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Ultrafast quantum coherence governs molecular dynamics.
  • Single molecules can act as quantum systems.
  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) probes surfaces at the atomic scale.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the manipulation of ultrafast quantum coherence in a single hydrogen molecular system.
  • To explore the use of static electric fields for controlling quantum states.
  • To quantify surface electrostatic fields using molecular responses.

Main Methods:

  • Employing a femtosecond terahertz scanning tunneling microscope (THz-STM).
  • Utilizing static electric fields generated from sample bias.
  • Adsorbing single H_{2} molecules on a polar Cu_{2}N surface.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated giant Stark effect in H_{2} molecules due to induced electric dipoles.
  • Observed avoided crossing of quantum state energy levels.
  • Showed that electric fields can alter the dephasing time of quantum wave packets.
  • Quantified surface electrostatic fields at the atomic scale through 3D electrical manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Single hydrogen molecules can be controlled as two-level quantum systems.
  • Electric field manipulation offers a pathway for controlling molecular quantum coherence.
  • THz-STM with static electric fields is a powerful tool for surface science and quantum manipulation.