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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
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Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running.

Hannah Rice1, Markus Kurz2, Patrick Mai3

  • 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo 0806, Norway.

Journal of Sport and Health Science
|March 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Running faster or uphill increases tibial loading, raising stress injury risk. Running slower or downhill reduces this loading, potentially preventing injuries. Adapting speed to gradient is key for runner safety.

Keywords:
Bending momentsGradientMusculoskeletal modelingOveruse injuryTibial stressTraining factors

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Internal tibial loading is a modifiable factor influencing stress injury risk in runners.
  • Runners often encounter varied surface gradients and may adjust their speed accordingly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify tibial bending moments and stress at the anterior and posterior peripheries.
  • To analyze these parameters during running at different speeds and gradients.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty recreational runners ran on a treadmill at various speeds (2.5-3.5 m/s) and gradients (±5%, ±10%, ±15%).
  • Force and marker data were collected to estimate tibial bending moments and stress using a hollow ellipse model.
  • Statistical analysis involved two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.

Main Results:

  • Higher running speeds significantly increased tibial loading.
  • Uphill running (+10%, +15%) elevated tibial loading compared to level running.
  • Downhill running (-10%, -15%) reduced tibial loading compared to level running; ±5% gradients showed no significant difference.

Conclusions:

  • Faster speeds and steeper uphill gradients (≥+10%) increase internal tibial loading.
  • Slower speeds and steeper downhill gradients (≥-10%) decrease internal tibial loading.
  • Adjusting running speed based on gradient may serve as a protective strategy against tibial stress injuries.