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Updated: Aug 6, 2025

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Acute oxygen sensing by vascular smooth muscle cells.

Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez1,2,3, Olaia Colinas1,2,3, Tarik Smani1,2

  • 1Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.

Frontiers in Physiology
|March 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Low oxygen triggers rapid blood vessel responses. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) optimizes lung blood flow, while hypoxic vasodilation (HVD) increases oxygen delivery to tissues.

Keywords:
acute O2 sensinghypoxic arterial vasodilationhypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictionion channelsmitochondriavascular smooth muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Oxygen delivery is vital for life, with the body employing rapid reflexes to maintain tissue oxygenation.
  • Acute responses to low oxygen (hypoxia) include changes in blood vessel tone (vasomotor responses).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the key acute vasomotor responses to hypoxia: HPV and HVD.
  • To summarize current understanding of oxygen sensing and signaling mechanisms in these responses.
  • To compare oxygen sensors and effectors across different arterial systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hypoxic vasomotor responses.
  • Analysis of the physiological roles of HPV and HVD.
  • Discussion of cellular mechanisms of oxygen sensing in arterial smooth muscle cells.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) redirects blood flow to better-ventilated alveoli, optimizing the ventilation/perfusion ratio.
  • Hypoxic vasodilation (HVD) enhances blood supply to systemic tissues like skeletal muscle, heart, and brain.
  • Arterial smooth muscle cells possess intrinsic oxygen-sensing systems that regulate ion channels, cytosolic calcium, and contraction.

Conclusions:

  • HPV and HVD are critical adaptive mechanisms for maintaining oxygen homeostasis.
  • Intrinsic O2 sensing in arterial smooth muscle cells is central to these vasomotor responses.
  • Similarities and differences in O2 sensing mechanisms exist across various arterial territories.