Molecular mechanisms involved in fruit cracking: A review

Area of Science:

• Plant Physiology
• Genetics
• Agricultural Science

Background:

• Fruit cracking is a significant physiological disorder impacting fruit quality and causing economic losses.
• Cracking results from genetic, physiological, and environmental factors influencing fruit development and ripening.
• The exocarp, including the cuticle, epidermis, and hypodermis, acts as a protective barrier; alterations in its biochemical properties lead to cracking.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the genetic factors influencing fruit cracking, focusing on gene expression.
• To explore the role of environmental stresses, such as water imbalance and calcium deficiency, in fruit cracking.
• To highlight the potential of molecular breeding for developing fruit cultivars with enhanced crack resistance.

Main Methods:

• Review of scientific literature on fruit cracking genetics and physiology.
• Analysis of gene expression patterns related to cell wall modification, wax biosynthesis, and cuticular membrane deposition.
• Examination of environmental factors and their impact on fruit cracking.

Main Results:

• Identification of key genes and transcription factors involved in fruit skin development and cracking.
• Understanding the biochemical pathways affected by genetic and environmental factors contributing to cracking.
• Evidence for the link between cation imbalance (e.g., Ca) and increased susceptibility to cracking.

Conclusions:

• Genetic factors play a crucial role in fruit cracking through pathways affecting the fruit's protective layers.
• Environmental stresses, particularly water availability and nutrient balance, exacerbate fruit cracking.
• Molecular breeding strategies targeting identified genes hold promise for developing crack-resistant fruit varieties.