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Related Concept Videos

Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Gene flow accelerates adaptation to a parasite.

Jordan A Lewis1,2, Prathyusha Kandala3, McKenna J Penley3

  • 1Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|March 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Gene flow, the movement of genes between populations, can accelerate adaptation by introducing beneficial genetic variation. This study shows that gene flow enhances parasite resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans populations.

Keywords:
Caenorhabditis elegansSerratia marcescensadaptationgene flowparasitismselection experimental

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics
  • Microbial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Gene flow can impact adaptation by introducing new genetic variation or disrupting local adaptations.
  • Theoretical and field studies suggest varied effects of gene flow on adaptation, but experimental evidence is limited.
  • Understanding gene flow's role is crucial for predicting evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the effects of controlled gene flow on adaptation.
  • To assess how the genetic background and evolutionary history of source populations influence adaptation in a sink population.
  • To determine the impact of gene flow on parasite resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Main Methods:

  • Evolving populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans against the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens for 10 passages.
  • Implementing controlled gene flow from source populations with varying genetic backgrounds and evolutionary histories into a sink population.
  • Measuring increases in parasite resistance as an indicator of adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Populations receiving gene flow showed significantly greater increases in parasite resistance compared to populations without gene flow.
  • Gene flow from previously adapted source populations led to more substantial increases in resistance than gene flow from naive populations.
  • The genetic background of the source population interacted with its evolutionary history to influence the adaptive response.

Conclusions:

  • Gene flow can facilitate adaptation by increasing genetic variation and introducing beneficial alleles.
  • The adaptive potential conferred by gene flow is influenced by the genetic architecture and evolutionary history of the immigrating genes.
  • This study provides experimental evidence for gene flow as a driver of adaptation in host-parasite systems.