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Quantifying implicit biases in refereeing using NBA referees as a testbed.

Konstantinos Pelechrinis1

  • 1Department of Informatics and Networked Systems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, USA. kpele@pitt.edu.

Scientific Reports
|March 23, 2023
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Summary

This study on NBA refereeing found a home-team bias, especially in playoffs, which decreased post-COVID-19. While some players benefit from favorable calls, no racial bias was detected in referee decisions.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Analytics
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Sports Management

Background:

  • Implicit biases influence split-second decisions, a common occurrence in sports officiating.
  • Understanding these biases is crucial for maintaining fairness in professional basketball.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine implicit biases in National Basketball Association (NBA) refereeing.
  • To investigate home-vs-away bias, individual player/team favoritism, and racial bias in officiating.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of play-by-play data and "Last 2 min" reports from the 2015 season onwards.
  • Statistical examination of referee decisions in close games during the final two minutes.

Main Results:

  • A discernible home-team bias exists, more pronounced during playoffs, but reduced post-COVID-19.
  • Evidence suggests certain players receive more favorable calls than random chance would predict.
  • No significant negative bias was found towards individual players or teams.
  • Analysis revealed no evidence of racial bias in NBA refereeing.

Conclusions:

  • While home-team advantage and individual player favoritism in NBA officiating are present, racial bias is absent.
  • The study highlights evolving dynamics in referee bias, potentially influenced by factors like the pandemic.