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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Updated: Aug 6, 2025

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
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Superatomic states under high pressure.

Rui Wang1, Xinrui Yang1, Wanrong Huang1

  • 1Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.

Iscience
|March 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Superatoms, structures beyond the periodic table, retain their properties under high pressure. New superatomic orbitals emerge in compressed methane-methanofullerene systems, revealing potential under extreme conditions.

Keywords:
Atomic physicsAtomic propertiesState of matter

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Area of Science:

  • * Chemistry
  • * Materials Science
  • * Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • * Superatoms exhibit unique properties, challenging traditional chemical element understanding.
  • * Investigating superatoms under extreme conditions like high pressure is crucial for expanding their known characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To explore the behavior and properties of superatoms under pressure.
  • * To investigate the CH4@C60 system's superatomic characteristics during compression.
  • * To identify potential new superatomic states and properties under extreme conditions.

Main Methods:

  • * Computational simulations of the CH4@C60 system under varying pressure conditions.
  • * Analysis of static and dynamic states, including quantum tunneling effects.
  • * Examination of molecular orbital emergence as confinement space changes.

Main Results:

  • * Superatomic properties of the CH4@C60 system are maintained under static and dynamic (quantum tunneling) high-pressure conditions.
  • * New superatomic molecular orbitals were observed as the confined space approached the van der Waals boundary.
  • * The study provides a comprehensive view of superatoms from ambient to high-pressure regimes.

Conclusions:

  • * Superatoms can exist and exhibit unique properties under high-pressure conditions.
  • * The CH4@C60 system serves as a model for understanding superatoms under extreme environments.
  • * This research opens avenues for discovering novel superatom properties and applications under pressure.