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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Single-Atom Catalysts for Hydrogen Activation.

Wenwen Gao1, Shihuan Liu1, Guangxun Sun1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are crucial for activating hydrogen (H2) in selective hydrogenation reactions. This review explores SACs

Keywords:
hydrogen activationhydrogenationreaction mechanismsingle-atom catalysts

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Selective hydrogenation is vital in fine chemical synthesis.
  • Hydrogen (H2) activation is the critical step in hydrogenation.
  • Single-atom catalysts (SACs) offer high atom utilization and uniform active sites for H2 activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research progress on H2 activation by SACs in various hydrogenation systems.
  • To summarize the mechanisms of SACs in H2 activation.
  • To propose strategies for designing high-performance SACs for selective hydrogenation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on H2 activation in alkyne hydrogenation, hydroformylation, hydrodechlorination, hydrodeoxygenation, nitroaromatics hydrogenation, and polycyclic aromatics hydrogenation.
  • Analysis of reaction mechanisms involving SACs for H2 activation.
  • Proposal of structural regulation strategies for SACs.

Main Results:

  • SACs demonstrate superior H2 activation capabilities due to maximized atom utilization and uniform active sites.
  • Understanding of H2 activation mechanisms by SACs has advanced.
  • Strategies for structural regulation of SACs can enhance H2 activation and selectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Rational design of SACs is crucial for developing superior H2-activating catalysts.
  • Further research is needed to optimize SACs for selective hydrogenation.
  • Atomic-scale design offers a pathway to high-selectivity hydrogenation catalysts.