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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes
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Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes

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Driving Polymer Brushes from Synthesis to Functioning.

Rui Wang1,2, Qiangbing Wei3, Wenbo Sheng1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing easier ways to create polymer brushes using controlled radical polymerization. External stimuli-mediated methods offer better control and simpler procedures for advanced materials with broad applications.

Keywords:
ATRPBioapplicationsPolymer BrushRAFTSurface/Interface

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Controlled radical polymerizations have advanced significantly.
  • Surface-initiated polymerizations (SIPs) are crucial for fabricating polymer brushes.
  • Developing facile and robust SIP methods is an ongoing research goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in external-stimuli-mediated surface-initiated polymerization methods.
  • To highlight the advantages of these methods for synthesizing complex polymer architectures.
  • To discuss their applications in various fields.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on external-stimuli mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
  • Discuss photo-induced polymerizations.
  • Cover reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and other combined methods for surface grafting.

Main Results:

  • External-stimuli-mediated SIPs offer less rigorous synthetic procedures and high controllability.
  • These methods enable the synthesis of macromolecules with desired compositions and structures.
  • They facilitate the creation of tailor-made polymers and bioconjugates.

Conclusions:

  • External-stimuli-mediated polymerization methods provide temporal control, rapid polymerization, and environmentally benign features.
  • These techniques are valuable for applications in biolubrication, antifouling, and biosensing.
  • They expand opportunities for synthesizing advanced polymeric materials for diverse applications.