Engineering design of asymmetric halloysite/chitosan/collagen sponge with hydrophobic coating for high-performance...

Uncontrolled massive hemorrhage is a crucial cause of death, and developing efficient hemostatic materials are of great medical importance. Herein, we prepared a halloysite-chitosan-collagen composite sponge by directional freeze-drying method and coated the sponge with hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane coating for rapid and effective hemostasis. The aligned channel structure of the sponge with a pore size of ~30 μm was beneficial for the transport of blood. Morphology and spectrum results suggested that chitosan and collagen are capable of adsorbing on the outer surface of HNTs due to the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attractions. The directional freeze-dried sponge absorbed the majority of the blood within 10 s, and that process essentially was completed in 30 s, which are faster than its non-directional counterpart. The composite sponges exhibited high antibacterial properties towards E. coli and S. aureus, and they are non-cytotoxic towards mouse fibroblasts and have high hemocompatibility. The hemostatic dressing avoided unnecessary blood loss because of excessive blood absorption. In vivo experiments of rats also confirmed the ability of the asymmetric sponges to rapidly clot and reduce reducing blood loss. This work developed a high-performance and hemostatic dressing by material design and processing technique, which shows a promising application in wound healing.