Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.1K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.4K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.1K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.1K
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

630
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
630
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.6K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.6K
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

2.9K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
2.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rapid Epoxy Polymerization Induced by Aliphatic Cyclic Tertiary Amines: The Roles of Nucleophilicity and Leaving Ability.

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
Same author

Validity and utility of blood tumor mutational burden (bTMB) is dependent on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shed: SCRUM-Japan MONSTAR-SCREEN.

The journal of liquid biopsy·2025
Same author

mTOR-mediated p62/SQSTM1 stabilization confers a robust survival mechanism for ovarian cancer.

Cancer letters·2025
Same author

Prognostic significance of para-aortic node metastasis in endometrial cancer: Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group Study JGOG2043 post hoc analysis.

Journal of gynecologic oncology·2025
Same author

Gut microbiome associated with PARP inhibitor efficacy in patients with ovarian cancer.

Journal of gynecologic oncology·2024
Same author

Low CD86 expression is a predictive biomarker for clinical response to the therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccine IGMKK16E7: results of a post hoc analysis.

JNCI cancer spectrum·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

7.9K

Toughening Ionic Polymer Using Bulky Alkylammonium Counterions and Comb Architecture.

Daisuke Aoki1, Kento Yasuda1, Koji Arimitsu1

  • 1Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.

ACS Macro Letters
|March 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new strategy to toughen rigid polymers using ionic interactions and bulky ammonium counterions. This method enhances material strength and toughness without compromising the elastic modulus, offering a promising advancement in polymer science.

More Related Videos

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
14:42

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Published on: April 25, 2020

8.3K
Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

7.9K
Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
14:42

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Published on: April 25, 2020

8.3K
Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science and Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic interactions enhance toughness in flexible polymers like hydrogels and elastomers.
  • Toughening rigid polymers via ionic interactions often leads to reduced elastic modulus due to plasticization.
  • A need exists for methods to toughen rigid polymers without compromising their mechanical integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for toughening rigid polymers without sacrificing elastic modulus.
  • To investigate the effect of counterion size on the mechanical properties of ionic comb polymers.
  • To explore the potential of ionic interactions for creating robust and tough polymeric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of ionic comb polymers with oligoethylene glycol side chains on a polynorbornene backbone.
  • Neutralization of carboxylic acid groups with trialkylamines of varying chain lengths (ethyl to octyl) to form ammonium counterions.
  • Mechanical testing, including tensile tests at various strain rates, to evaluate ultimate strength, toughness, and elastic modulus.

Main Results:

  • Counterion size significantly influenced ultimate strength and toughness, but not elongation at break or elastic modulus.
  • The ionic comb polymer with heptylammonium counterions exhibited the highest toughness (77 MJ m⁻³).
  • Rate-dependent mechanical behavior was observed, particularly between heptylammonium and octylammonium counterions, suggesting sacrificial bond mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Bulky ammonium counterions in ionic comb polymers can enhance toughness without plasticization.
  • Heptylammonium counterions act as effective sacrificial bonds, moderating dissociation rates for improved toughening.
  • This strategy offers a pathway to design high-performance, tough rigid polymers for advanced applications.