Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 5, 2025
Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
Published on: September 26, 2018
Cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in COVID-19: A hospital-based study in India
Arvind K Sharma1, Vaseem Naheed Baig1, Sonali Sharma2
1Departments of Community Medicine, Biochemistry, Jaipur, India.
Insights
Cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and diabetes significantly increase the risk of in-hospital death for COVID-19 patients in India. Age and male sex also contribute to higher mortality rates in these patients.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are known to exacerbate adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
- Understanding the association between these risk factors and clinical outcomes in the Indian population is crucial for targeted interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the association between cardiovascular risk factors and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients in India.
- To analyze the impact of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco use on in-hospital mortality.
Main Methods:
- A cohort of 4645 virologically confirmed adult COVID-19 patients was recruited from a government hospital in India.
- Data on clinical presentation and in-hospital outcomes, including death, were collected.
- Logistic regression was used to compare outcomes across different demographic and clinical groups.
Main Results:
- The study included 4645 patients, with a mean age of 46±18 years. Prevalence of hypertension was 17.8%, diabetes 16.6%, and tobacco use 29.5%.
- In-hospital mortality was 7.3%. Older age (≥60 years), hypertension, diabetes, and male sex were associated with increased odds of in-hospital death.
- Need for ventilation was higher in older age groups and hypertensive patients. Multivariate analysis attenuated the significance of some risk factors.
Conclusions:
- Cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension and diabetes, are significantly associated with a greater risk of in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients.
- Older age and male sex also represent significant risk factors for mortality in this cohort.
- These findings highlight the importance of managing comorbidities in COVID-19 patients.
Background & Objectives:
Presence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors enhance adverse outcomes in COVID-19. To determine association of risk factors with clinical outcomes in India we performed a study.
Methods:
Successive virologically confirmed adult patients of COVID-19 at a government hospital were recruited at admission and data on clinical presentation and in-hospital outcomes were obtained. The cohort was classified according to age, sex, hypertension, diabetes and tobacco use. In-hospital death was the primary outcome. Logistic regression was performed to compared outcomes in different groups.
Results:
From April to September 2020 we recruited 4645 (men 3386, women 1259) out of 5103 virologically confirmed COVID-19 patients (91.0%). Mean age was 46±18y, hypertension was in 17.8%, diabetes in 16.6% and any tobacco-use in 29.5%. Duration of hospital stay was 6.8±3.7 days, supplemental oxygen was in 18.4%, non-invasive ventilation in 7.1%, mechanical ventilation in 3.6% and 7.3% died. Unadjusted and age-sex adjusted odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) for in-hospital mortality, respectively, were: age ≥60y vs <40y, OR 8.47(95% CI 5.87-12.21) and 8.49(5.88-12.25), age 40-59y vs <40y 3.69(2.53-5.38) and 3.66(2.50-5.33), men vs women 1.88(1.41-2.51) and 1.26(0.91-1.48); hypertension 2.22(1.74-2.83) and 1.32(1.02-1.70), diabetes 1.88(1.46-2.43) and 1.16(0.89-1.52); and tobacco 1.29(1.02-1.63) and 1.28(1.00-1.63). Need for invasive and non-invasive ventilation was greater among patients in age-groups 40-49 and ≥60y and hypertension. Multivariate adjustment for social factors, clinical features and biochemical tests attenuated significance of all risk factors.
Conclusion:
Cardiovascular risk factors, age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes and tobacco-use, are associated with greater risk of in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures
01:30Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction
01:30Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations
01:19Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
01:26Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
01:26Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology