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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Rodent Model of Masseter Volumetric Muscle Loss for Studying Bioengineering Materials
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Deep Neck Contouring With a Focus on Submandibular Gland Vascularity: A Cadaver Study.

Ozcan Cakmak, Fuat Buyuklu, Mallappa Kolar

    Aesthetic Surgery Journal
    |March 27, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    Achieving exceptional neck contours involves addressing deep neck structures, including the submandibular gland. Understanding its vascular anatomy is key for safe submandibular gland reduction in cosmetic neck procedures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Anatomy
    • Cosmetic Surgery
    • Surgical Procedures

    Background:

    • Submental incisions offer precise management of deep neck structures for superior neck aesthetics.
    • Deep neck anatomy and submandibular gland vascularization are critical for cosmetic neck contouring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the distribution of deep neck structures.
    • To investigate the detailed vascular anatomy of the submandibular gland.

    Main Methods:

    • Dissection of 26 fresh frozen cadaver heads (15 female, 11 male).
    • Evaluation of excised tissue weights (subcutaneous fat, subplatysmal fat, digastric muscle, submandibular glands).
    • Investigation of submandibular gland vascular supply and intracapsular vessel diameters.

    Main Results:

    • Tissue distribution varied by sex; females had more supraplatysmal fat, males more subplatysmal fat.
    • Subcutaneous fat was significantly higher in females compared to males.
    • Intraglandular vessel diameter correlated with proximity to major feeding vessels (facial and submental arteries).

    Conclusions:

    • Exceptional neck contouring requires addressing structures deep to the platysma.
    • Submandibular gland reduction is safe when its vascular anatomy is well understood.