Molecular basis and clinical application of targeted therapy in oncology

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Molecular Biology
• Genomics

Background:

• Targeted therapy and precision oncology aim to enhance cancer treatment efficacy and reduce side effects by focusing on specific molecular targets.
• Advancements in genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, including next-generation sequencing and liquid biopsies (circulating tumor DNA), enable personalized treatment strategies.
• Immunotherapy, such as immune-oncology agents and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, represents a revolutionary approach to cancer management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the molecular basis of targeted therapy in oncology.
• To discuss diagnostic approaches for identifying suitable candidates for targeted treatments.
• To outline the current applications and challenges of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in cancer care.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of targeted therapy and precision oncology.
• Analysis of advancements in genomic and proteomic technologies.
• Examination of immune-oncology agents and CAR T-cell therapy mechanisms.

Main Results:

• Targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies and intracellular inhibitors, are increasingly used based on individual tumor molecular profiles.
• Genomic and other 'omic' technologies facilitate patient stratification for targeted treatments.
• Immunotherapies have transformed cancer management but present unique adverse effect profiles compared to traditional chemotherapy.

Conclusions:

• Targeted therapy and precision oncology offer significant potential for improving cancer patient outcomes.
• The management of peculiar adverse effects associated with novel cancer therapies is a critical area of focus.
• Continued research into molecular targets and immunotherapy is essential for advancing cancer treatment.