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Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
Published on: September 21, 2021
PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFTIOFUR CRYSTALLINE-FREE ACID ADMINISTERED VIA INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION IN WHOOPING CRANES (GRUS
Neta Ambar1, Sherry Cox2, Barry K Hartup3
1International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, WI 53913, USA, and the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA, nambar@wisc.edu.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of a single dose of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) in whooping cranes (Grus americana). Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid is a long-acting, injectable, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic drug. A preliminary study evaluated CCFA administered intramuscularly in the pectoral or thigh muscle at 20 or 30 mg/kg IM to a single adult whooping crane for each dose. On the basis of these data, a dose of 30 mg/kg IM of CCFA was administered to five additional whooping cranes, and blood was collected at various time points from 0 to 288 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters for ceftiofur equivalents were determined and reached concentrations above minimum inhibitory concentrations of various bacteria in other avian species (>1 µg/ml) for at least 96 h in all birds, and for 144 h in two birds. From these findings, ceftiofur crystalline-free acid appears to be a long-acting antibiotic option for whooping cranes and may be dosed every 96 h; however, additional multidose studies are needed.
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