PCL/Graphene Scaffolds for the Osteogenesis Process

This study aims to characterize the osteoconductivity, optimal bioresorbable, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties of Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/graphene (G) scaffolds at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 wt%, which are used to support bone regeneration through solvent casting and particulate leaching. The water contact angle measurement revealed a transition from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic surface after incorporating various G concentrations. The scaffolds with 0.5 wt% G had smaller pores compared to those produced using 3 wt% G. Furthermore, numerous pores were connected, particularly those with larger diameters in the 2 and 3 wt% G samples. The proportion of water absorption varied between 50% and 350% for 4 months, with large percentages of scaffolds containing high G concentrations. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, which were used to confirm the presence of nanofiller by increasing the ratios of I_D/I_G, I_2D/I_G, and band 2θ = 26.48°. The mechanical properties were improved by the addition of G, with a Young's modulus of 3 wt% G, four times that of PCL. Measuring cell biocompatibility, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation with osteoblast-like (MG-63) cells revealed that PCL/G scaffolds with higher concentrations were more biocompatible than PCL as well as those with lower concentrations.