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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease.

Hernando Vargas-Uricoechea1

  • 1Metabolic Diseases Study Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Carrera 6 Nº 13N-50, Popayán 190001, Colombia.

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|March 29, 2023
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Summary

Autoimmune thyroid disease, encompassing Graves-Basedow disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is a common cause of acquired thyroid dysfunction. This review details the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors contributing to its development.

Keywords:
Graves-BasedowHashimotoautoimmunityenvironmentalepigeneticgeneticpathogenesisthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Acquired thyroid dysfunction is frequently caused by autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • This disease presents as hyperthyroidism (Graves-Basedow disease) or hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis).
  • Key autoantibodies include anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin, and anti-TSH receptor antibodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the primary genetic, epigenetic, and environmental mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • To consolidate current understanding of factors contributing to Graves-Basedow disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors in autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Synthesis of information on disease mechanisms and autoantibody profiles.

Main Results:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease involves specific autoantibodies and is influenced by numerous susceptibility genes.
  • Epigenetic modifications and environmental factors play significant roles in disease development.
  • Distinct autoantibody profiles characterize Graves-Basedow disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors is crucial for autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can inform therapeutic strategies for thyroid dysfunction.