Analysis on Cascading Failures of Directed-Undirected Interdependent Networks with Different Coupling Patterns

Area of Science:

• Network Science
• Complex Systems
• Systems Engineering

Background:

• Most studies model interdependent networks as undirected systems.
• Real-world networks often involve directed and undirected subnets, like supply chains and cyber systems.
• Existing models do not fully capture the complexity of directed-undirected interdependent networks.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate cascading failures in directed-undirected interdependent networks.
• To analyze the impact of different coupling patterns and interdependent edge types.
• To evaluate network robustness against single-node and multi-node attacks.

Main Methods:

• Introduction of directed-to-undirected and undirected-to-directed interdependent edges.
• Generation of directed-undirected interdependent networks with one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-one coupling.
• Simulation of cascading failures under single-node and multi-node attacks.

Main Results:

• Cascading robustness positively correlates with overload tolerance and load exponential coefficients.
• Protecting high-degree and high-in-degree nodes enhances network robustness.
• Specific interdependent edge additions improve robustness in one-to-many and many-to-one networks.

Conclusions:

• Directed-undirected interdependent networks exhibit unique cascading failure dynamics.
• Network topology and coupling patterns significantly influence robustness.
• Targeted node protection and strategic edge addition are key to enhancing resilience.