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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model
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Altered Gut Microbic Flora and Haemorrhoids: Could They Have a Possible Relationship?

Vincenzo Davide Palumbo1, Roberta Tutino2, Marianna Messina3

  • 1Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|March 29, 2023
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Altered anal canal microflora may cause hemorrhoids by triggering inflammation and muscle dysfunction. Understanding gut microbiota is key to developing new microbiome-targeted therapies for anorectal disorders.

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Related Experiment Videos

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Anorectal Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The pathophysiology of hemorrhoids remains poorly understood, with existing theories including varicose veins, vascular hyperplasia, and sliding anal lining.
  • These theories suggest connective tissue changes, inflammation, muscular abnormalities, and vascular issues contribute to hemorrhoid development.
  • Recent research highlights the role of gut microbiota in gut motility and inflammation, suggesting a link to anorectal disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a pathogenic theory for hemorrhoids involving altered anal canal microflora, local inflammation, and muscular dyssynergia.
  • To review existing literature on hemorrhoid etiology and integrate recent findings on gut microbiota.
  • To establish a basis for understanding the role of gut microbiota in anorectal disorder pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive literature review of hemorrhoid pathophysiology and etiology.
  • Analysis of recent studies on gut microbiota, dysbiosis, and their impact on gastrointestinal and anorectal health.
  • Synthesis of information to propose a novel pathogenic theory for hemorrhoids.

Main Results:

  • A proposed pathogenic theory links altered anal canal microflora, inflammation, and muscular dyssynergia to hemorrhoid development.
  • Dysbiosis is identified as a potential primary cause of bowel mucosa inflammation, extending to the anorectal district.
  • Alterations in connective tissue, muscle, and vasculature are associated with these proposed pathogenic mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Altered gut microbioma in the anorectal region may be responsible for hemorrhoids and other anorectal disorders.
  • Further knowledge of anorectal gut microbiota is crucial for understanding pathogenesis and developing targeted therapies.
  • Future therapeutic strategies may include antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation for precision microbiome manipulation.