Spherical Hybrid Nanoparticles for Homann Stagnation-Point Flow in Porous Media via Homotopy Analysis Method

Non-axisymmetric stagnant-point flows for flat plates in porous media containing spherical Cu-Al₂O₃-H₂O nanoparticles are studied using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The governing equations are transformed into three coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations through similarity transformations. A large degree of freedom is provided by HAM when selecting auxiliary linear operators. By transforming nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients into linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations can be solved. Over the entire domain, these equations can be solved approximately analytically. The analysis involves a discussion of the impact of many physical parameters generated in the proposed model. The results have shown that skin friction coefficients of Cf and Cf increase with volume fraction of hybrid nanofluid and the coefficient of permeability increasing. For the axisymmetric case of γ = 0, when volume fraction, φ, φ₁, φ₂ = 0, 5%, 10%, 20%, Cf = Cf = 1.33634, 1.51918, 1.73905, 2.33449, it can be found that the wall shear stress values increase by 13.68%, 30.14%, and 74.69%, respectively. In response to an increase in hybrid nanofluid volume fractions, local Nusselt numbers Nu increase. Nu decrease and change clearly with the coefficient of permeability increasing in the range of γ < 0; the values of Nu_x are less affected in the range of γ > 0.