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A Devonian crinoid with a diamond microlattice.

Przemysław Gorzelak1, Dorota Kołbuk2, Jarosław Stolarski1

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Researchers discovered triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) microlattice structures in a 385-million-year-old crinoid fossil. This finding extends the evolutionary history of these complex biological structures in echinoderms.

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TPMSbiomineralizationcalciteechinodermspredationstereom

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Biomineralogy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are complex cellular structures with unique physical properties.
  • While found in nature, large-scale TPMS are rare in living organisms.
  • Diamond-type TPMS microstructure was recently identified in starfish skeletons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and origin of TPMS-like microstructures in ancient echinoderms.
  • To understand the biomineralization processes and evolutionary adaptations in Devonian crinoids.
  • To explore the potential of these natural structures as inspiration for biomimetic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Paleontological analysis of a 385-million-year-old crinoid fossil (Haplocrinites).
  • Microstructural examination to identify TPMS-like formations.
  • Geochemical analysis to determine skeletal composition, including magnesium content.

Main Results:

  • A diamond-type TPMS microlattice was identified in the Devonian crinoid Haplocrinites.
  • This discovery predates previously known occurrences of such structures in echinoderms, dating back to the Devonian period.
  • The crinoid skeleton exhibited high magnesium content, despite the low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of Devonian seawater, indicating biological control over biomineralization.

Conclusions:

  • The findings push back the evolutionary origins of highly ordered TPMS microstructures in echinoderms to the Devonian period.
  • The magnesium-enriched, optimized trabecular arrangement likely enhanced mechanical properties, potentially as an adaptation to increased predation.
  • Echinoderms demonstrate a remarkable evolutionary capacity for creating lightweight, stiff, and damage-tolerant skeletons, offering insights for biomimetic material design.