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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2021.

Richard J Bodnar1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.

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|March 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers 2021 research on the endogenous opioid system, detailing how manipulating opioid peptides and receptors affects behavior, pain, and various physiological functions.

Keywords:
AnlagesiaBeta-endorphinDelta opioid receptorDrug abuseDynorphinEnkephalinsKappa opioid receptorMu opioid receptorOFQ/N receptorTolerance and withdrawal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • The endogenous opioid system plays a crucial role in regulating numerous physiological and behavioral processes.
  • Understanding its molecular, pharmacological, and genetic aspects is vital for advancing medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of research published in 2021 on the endogenous opioid system.
  • To summarize studies investigating the behavioral effects of opioid system manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and synthesis of scientific literature published in 2021.
  • Categorization of research based on specific topics related to opioid peptides and receptors.

Main Results:

  • The review covers diverse areas including pain, analgesia, tolerance, dependence, stress, learning, eating, drug abuse, mood disorders, and more.
  • Research explored molecular, biochemical, and neurochemical effects, alongside behavioral outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The endogenous opioid system remains a critical area of research with broad implications for human health.
  • Continued investigation into opioid system modulation offers potential therapeutic strategies for various conditions.