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The maximum power flow for lossy transmission lines is derived using ABCD parameters in phasor form. These parameters create a matrix relationship between the sending-end and receiving-end voltages and currents, allowing the determination of the receiving-end current. This relationship facilitates calculating the complex power delivered to the receiving end, from which real and reactive power components are derived.
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A Two-Stage Multi-Agent EV Charging Coordination Scheme for Maximizing Grid Performance and Customer Satisfaction.

Adil Amin1, Anzar Mahmood1, Ahsan Raza Khan2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan.

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Coordinated electric vehicle (EV) charging, managed by a multi-agent system, optimizes grid performance by reducing power losses and voltage deviations. This approach enhances customer satisfaction through minimized charging costs and wait times.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Computer Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Growing electric vehicle (EV) adoption presents challenges to grid stability.
  • Managed EV integration can improve electrical network performance, reducing losses and voltage deviations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a two-stage, multi-agent system for coordinated EV charging scheduling.
  • To optimize power allocation and align charging for grid benefits and customer satisfaction.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage approach using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA).
  • PSO at the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) level for power allocation.
  • GA at the EV aggregator level for charging alignment.

Main Results:

  • Minimized power losses and voltage deviations in the IEEE-33 bus network.
  • Achieved high customer satisfaction with reduced charging costs and waiting times.
  • Demonstrated effectiveness under Time of Use (ToU) and Real-Time Pricing (RTP) schemes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed multi-agent scheme effectively manages EV charging for improved grid performance.
  • Coordinated charging enhances network stability and customer satisfaction simultaneously.
  • The method is robust under varying EV penetration levels and pricing strategies.