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An In-Ear PPG-Based Blood Glucose Monitor: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Ghena Hammour1, Danilo P Mandic1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new in-ear device uses photoplethysmography (PPG) to continuously monitor blood glucose levels (BGLs) non-invasively. This innovation shows high accuracy, with 82% of readings in the most accurate Clarke Error Grid region A.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels (BGLs) is crucial for diabetes management.
  • Current methods for BGL monitoring are often invasive, painful, or inconvenient.
  • There is a need for unobtrusive, non-invasive, and readily deployable BGL monitoring solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, in-ear device for continuous, non-invasive blood glucose level measurement.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and clinical acceptability of the device across various diabetic conditions.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of using photoplethysmography (PPG) for BGL estimation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an in-ear device incorporating a low-cost pulse oximeter (880 nm infrared wavelength).
Keywords:
NIR spectroscopyblood glucosecontinuous monitoringdiabeteshearablesin-ear PPGmachine learningnon-invasivephotoplethysmography (PPG)

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  • Acquisition of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals from participants with non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, type I, and type II diabetic conditions.
  • Utilized regression-based machine learning models trained on PPG cycle features to estimate BGLs.
  • Validation of estimated BGLs using the Clarke Error Grid (CEG) plot.

    • Main Results:

    • An average of 82% of estimated BGLs fell within Region A of the Clarke Error Grid (CEG).
    • 100% of estimated BGLs were within the clinically acceptable CEG Regions A and B.
    • The device demonstrated reliable performance across a range of diabetic conditions and over multiple days.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed in-ear device shows significant potential for accurate, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.
    • The ear canal is a viable and promising site for continuous BGL monitoring using PPG.
    • This technology could improve diabetes management and patient quality of life.