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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Published on: February 20, 2014

PERIRHINAL CORTEX LEARNS A PREDICTIVE MAP (INTERNAL MODEL) OF THE TASK ENVIRONMENT.

David G Lee^1,2, Caroline A McLachlan^2,3, Ramon Nogueira^4,5

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|March 30, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers found the perirhinal cortex (Prh) forms a predictive map for task behavior. This brain region uses sensory prediction errors and cholinergic signaling to learn and generalize stimulus-outcome associations.

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Published on: October 24, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Published on: February 20, 2014

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

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Published on: August 30, 2017

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Goal-directed behaviors rely on internal predictive maps of stimuli and outcomes.
The neural basis of how these predictive maps are acquired and utilized remains incompletely understood.

Approach:

Investigated the role of the perirhinal cortex (Prh) in forming a predictive map for a tactile working memory task in mice.
Utilized chemogenetic inactivation, chronic two-photon calcium imaging, population analysis, and computational modeling.
Examined cholinergic signaling through acetylcholine imaging and perturbation.

Key Points:

Perirhinal cortex (Prh) is crucial for learning task-related predictive maps.
Prh encodes stimulus features as sensory prediction errors and forms stable, generalizable stimulus-outcome associations.
Network activity in Prh links associations to prospective outcomes, mediated by cholinergic signaling.

Conclusions:

The perirhinal cortex (Prh) plays a vital role in acquiring and utilizing predictive maps for goal-directed behavior.
Prh integrates error-driven learning with map-like representations.
Cholinergic signaling is essential for linking learned associations to prospective behavioral guidance.