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Updated: Aug 4, 2025

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Visible Light-Based 4D-Bioprinted Tissue Scaffold.

Sriram Bharath Gugulothu1, Kaushik Chatterjee1

  • 1Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012 India.

ACS Macro Letters
|April 1, 2023
PubMed
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This study introduces a novel 4D bioprinting method using a GelMA/PEGDM bioink. The digital light processing-printed constructs rapidly change shape upon hydration, creating complex tissue engineering scaffolds.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Four-dimensional (4D) printing offers advanced capabilities over traditional 3D bioprinting for tissue engineering applications.
  • Limited research exists on simple 3D-bioprinted structures capable of shape transformation into complex constructs (4D bioprinting) using stimuli like hydration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel bioink for digital light processing (DLP)-based 4D bioprinting.
  • To achieve rapid, hydration-induced shape deformation in 3D-bioprinted constructs for tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • A bioink composed of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) was formulated with a photoinitiator and photoabsorber.
  • Digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D bioprinting using visible light (405 nm) was employed to fabricate the constructs.

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  • Differential cross-linking, induced by photoabsorber-mediated light attenuation, was utilized to create structural anisotropy for shape-morphing capabilities.

    • Main Results:

    • The 3D-bioprinted constructs exhibited rapid shape deformation (as fast as ~30 minutes) upon hydration due to structural anisotropy.
    • Sheet thickness and the incorporation of angled strands were found to influence the degree of curvature and control the deformation of the printed structures.
    • The developed 4D-bioprinted hydrogels effectively supported cell viability and proliferation.

    Conclusions:

    • A cytocompatible bioink formulation suitable for 4D bioprinting was successfully developed.
    • This approach enables the creation of shape-morphing, cell-laden hydrogels for advanced tissue engineering applications.