Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of Occupational Noise Exposure on Cognition and Suprathreshold Auditory Skills in Normal-Hearing Individuals.

American journal of audiology·2022

Same author

Effect of Quiet and Noise on P300 Response in Individuals with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder.

International archives of otorhinolaryngology·2020

Same author

Detection of Gap and Modulations: Auditory Temporal Resolution Deficits in Adults Who Stutter.

Folia phoniatrica et logopaedica : official organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP)·2019

Same author

Speech Perception in Quiet and in Noise Condition in Individuals with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder.

The journal of international advanced otology·2017

Same author

Short-Term Musical Training and Pyschoacoustical Abilities.

Audiology research·2015

Same author

The Effect of Short-Term Musical Training on Speech Perception in Noise.

Audiology research·2015

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Published on: February 10, 2023

Middle Ear Muscle Reflex in Normal-Hearing Individuals with Occupational Noise Exposure.

Sahana Vasudevamurthy¹, Ajith U Kumar²

¹Facility for Advanced Auditory Research (FAAR), Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

|April 3, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acoustic middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR) strength, not threshold, was reduced in individuals with occupational noise exposure, suggesting its potential for diagnosing cochlear synaptopathy.

Keywords:

Acoustic reflex cochlear neuropathy cochlear synaptopathy hidden hearing loss middle ear muscle reflex

More Related Videos

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Published on: December 9, 2022

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Published on: June 21, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Published on: February 10, 2023

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

Published on: December 9, 2022

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Published on: June 21, 2024

Area of Science:

Audiology
Neuroscience
Occupational Health

Background:

Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy is difficult to diagnose in humans.
Noninvasive measures are being explored for synaptopathy detection.
Acoustic middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR) is sensitive to noise exposure effects on auditory nerve fibers.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate MEMR threshold and strength as potential indicators of cochlear synaptopathy.
To compare MEMR responses between noise-exposed and non-exposed individuals with normal hearing.

Main Methods:

Participants were divided into a control group (n=25) and a noise-exposed group (n=25).
Noise exposure group had occupational exposure to 85 dBA for at least 1 year.
MEMR threshold and strength were measured using pure tones (500 Hz, 1000 Hz) and broadband noise.

Main Results:

No significant difference in MEMR threshold was found between the groups.
MEMR strength was significantly reduced in the noise-exposed group compared to the control group.

Conclusions:

MEMR strength may serve as a sensitive biomarker for identifying cochlear synaptopathy.
Stimulus characteristics are important when using MEMR for synaptopathy assessment.