Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

891
The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
891
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

3.2K
The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
3.2K
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

2.1K
The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
2.1K
Neurons as Communicators of the Brain01:22

Neurons as Communicators of the Brain

1.4K
Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, function as the primary transmitters of information throughout the body. Their ability to communicate through electrical and chemical signals is vital for every bodily function, from regulating the heartbeat to processing complex thoughts. Each neuron has three main components: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon, each specialized to facilitate swift and efficient neural communication.
Cell Body
The cell body, also known...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cryopreservation of brain organoids - a tool for on-demand organoid banking.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Towards learning and memory risk assessment with human brain organoids: barriers and opportunities.

Frontiers in toxicology·2026
Same author

Effects of Sevoflurane on the Development of a Human Brain Microphysiological System.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Astrocyte epigenetics as a priority area in neuroscience research.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience·2026
Same author

3D Neuromodulation in Neural Organoids with Shell MEAs.

Advanced healthcare materials·2026
Same author

Genetic Background and Sex Modulate Androgen Responses in Human Brain Microphysiological System.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors
10:16

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors

Published on: December 11, 2021

5.6K

Organoid intelligence (OI) - The ultimate functionality of a brain microphysiological system.

Lena Smirnova1, Itzy E Morales Pantoja1, Thomas Hartung1,2

  • 1Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

ALTEX
|April 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organoid intelligence (OI) combines human stem cells and AI in brain microphysiological systems (MPS) to model cognitive functions and memory. This synthetic biological intelligence offers new avenues for studying neurological diseases and advancing biological computing.

Keywords:
artificial intelligence (AI)induced pluripotent stem cellsmicrophysiological systemsorganoid intelligence (OI)

More Related Videos

Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development
10:34

Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development

Published on: January 17, 2025

1.1K
Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling
08:09

Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling

Published on: June 21, 2021

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors
10:16

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors

Published on: December 11, 2021

5.6K
Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development
10:34

Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development

Published on: January 17, 2025

1.1K
Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling
08:09

Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling

Published on: June 21, 2021

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Bioengineering
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Studying human brain function is complex due to compensatory mechanisms in vivo and oversimplification in current in vitro models.
  • Advancements in human stem cell technology and bioengineered brain microphysiological systems (MPS) are enabling more sophisticated in vitro brain models.
  • Existing models are insufficient for understanding complex cognitive functions like memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and outline the development of Organoid Intelligence (OI) by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with brain MPS.
  • To create functional experimental models for studying neurodevelopment, neurological function, and for drug/chemical testing.
  • To explore the potential of biological computing for understanding intelligence and complementing traditional computing.

Main Methods:

  • Combining human stem cell-derived brain organoids with microphysiological systems (MPS).
  • Integrating cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms with these biological systems.
  • Scaling up brain MPS to achieve cognitive and memory capabilities.

Main Results:

  • The proposed approach aims to realize cognitive functions and memory in brain MPS, creating 'intelligence-in-a-dish'.
  • OI systems are envisioned as advanced models for studying human cognitive functions and neurological diseases.
  • This research seeks to achieve biological computational capacities that may complement silicon-based computing.

Conclusions:

  • Organoid intelligence represents a novel frontier in synthetic biological intelligence, merging AI and neuroscience.
  • OI offers powerful new models for both fundamental research into cognition and practical applications like drug discovery.
  • Ethical considerations regarding sentience and consciousness in OI systems are crucial for responsible advancement.