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Related Concept Videos

Social Anxiety Disorder01:28

Social Anxiety Disorder

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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Preparedness and Phobias01:09

Preparedness and Phobias

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Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

174
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
174
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

98
Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

171
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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The Oxford Agoraphobic Avoidance Scale.

Sinead Lambe1,2,3, Jessica C Bird1,2, Bao Sheng Loe4

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Psychological Medicine
|April 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new eight-item Oxford Agoraphobic Avoidance Scale was developed to assess agoraphobia symptoms. This reliable and valid self-report measure accurately identifies agoraphobic avoidance and distress across severity levels.

Keywords:
Assessmentagoraphobic avoidancepsychosissocial withdrawal

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Psychology
  • Mental Health Assessment
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Agoraphobic avoidance is common in mental health disorders, leading to inactivity and isolation.
  • Fears driving avoidance include social evaluation, panic, and harm.
  • Behavioral avoidance tasks (BATs) objectively assess avoidance but lack standardization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a self-report measure for agoraphobia symptoms based on BAT principles.
  • To create a standardized and accessible assessment tool for agoraphobic avoidance.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an eight-item questionnaire with avoidance and distress scales.
  • Utilized factor analysis, item response theory, and ROC analyses.
  • Assessed validity against BATs, actigraphy, and existing measures; tested reliability.

Main Results:

  • The scale demonstrated excellent model fit and reliably assessed symptoms across severity.
  • All items were highly discriminative, indicating sensitivity to symptom changes.
  • The scale showed good internal reliability, test-retest reliability, and validity.

Conclusions:

  • The Oxford Agoraphobic Avoidance Scale possesses excellent psychometric properties.
  • Provides clinical cut-offs and score ranges for precise assessment.
  • A valuable tool for focusing on clinically significant agoraphobic avoidance.