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Menopause and diabetes
1Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Cima San José, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Summary
Menopause increases type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in women due to hormonal changes and weight gain. Menopause hormone therapy (MHT) may reduce new T2DM diagnoses and improve glycemic control in those with existing T2DM.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Reproductive Medicine
- Metabolic Disorders
Background:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence has tripled in adults, disproportionately affecting women over 50 during menopause.
- Menopause transition involves weight gain, increased abdominal fat, reduced lean mass, and decreased energy expenditure, exacerbating insulin resistance.
- Relative hyperandrogenism, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and free fatty acids contribute to metabolic changes during menopause.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the etiopathogenic factors linking menopause and increased T2DM incidence.
- To examine the impact of menopause on T2DM management.
- To evaluate the role of menopause hormone therapy (MHT) in T2DM prevention and management.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on menopause, T2DM, and MHT.
- Analysis of epidemiological data on T2DM prevalence in menopausal women.
- Synthesis of evidence regarding MHT's effects on glycemic control and T2DM risk.
Main Results:
- New evidence suggests MHT significantly reduces new-onset T2DM diagnoses.
- MHT may offer benefits for glycemic control in menopausal women with pre-existing T2DM.
- Individualized, comprehensive management is crucial for menopausal women with or at risk for T2DM.
Conclusions:
- Menopause presents unique challenges for T2DM development and management.
- MHT is a potential therapeutic option for T2DM prevention and management in menopausal women.
- Further research and individualized treatment strategies are essential for this population.
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