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Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique
Published on: May 3, 2015
Hao Liu1, Leijie Lai1, Yu Fang1
1School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China.
This study introduces a novel micropositioning stage using complementary voice coil motors (VCMs) in a push-pull configuration and model-free adaptive control (MFAC) for enhanced precision and force. The combined approach significantly reduces tracking errors in flexure-based systems.
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