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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Microbiota-Specific Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Could Control Pathological T Helper Responses.

David Usharauli¹, Tirumalai Kamala¹

¹Tregeutix Inc., Orlando, Florida 32820, USA.

Critical Reviews in Immunology

|April 5, 2023

Summary

T helper (Th) cell fate choice and Th polarization are distinct processes. Th polarization, unlike physiological Th cell differentiation, arises from memory cells and causes immunopathology when regulatory T cells (Tregs) are depleted.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cellular Biology

Background:

Naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into various T helper (Th) fates following antigen exposure, influenced by cytokines.
This physiological process is often incorrectly equated with a pathological condition known as Th polarization.

Purpose of the Study:

To differentiate between physiological Th cell fate choice and pathological Th polarization.
To propose distinct origins and regulatory mechanisms for each process.

Main Methods:

Conceptual analysis and theoretical framework development.
Review of existing immunological literature on T cell differentiation and regulation.

Main Results:

Th cell fate choice in naive T cells can be driven by innate signaling alone.
Th polarization originates specifically from pre-existing cross-reactive memory CD4+ T cells.
Th polarization is normally suppressed by thymus-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs).

Conclusions:

Depletion of Tregs and associated microbiota leads to Th polarization and immunopathology.
Distinguishing Th fate choice from Th polarization offers a more accurate model of T cell responses.
This distinction can improve therapeutic strategies for allergies, autoimmune diseases, and vaccine development.