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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues
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mRNA Regulation by RNA Modifications.

Wendy V Gilbert1, Sigrid Nachtergaele2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA;

Annual Review of Biochemistry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical modifications on messenger RNA (mRNA) are key to gene expression. Recent studies reveal their roles throughout the mRNA lifecycle, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear, prompting further research.

Keywords:
RNA metabolismRNA modificationsepitranscriptomeposttranscriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Gene Expression Regulation

Background:

  • Chemical modifications on mRNA play a crucial role in regulating gene expression.
  • Research in mRNA modifications has expanded significantly in the last decade.
  • These modifications impact mRNA from synthesis to decay, but mechanisms are often unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding mRNA modification roles.
  • To identify current knowledge gaps and open questions in the field.
  • To provide future research perspectives on mRNA modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on mRNA modifications.
  • Analysis of the impact of modifications across the mRNA lifecycle.
  • Identification of mechanistic insights and areas needing further investigation.

Main Results:

  • Recent work has elucidated the functions of various mRNA modifications.
  • The influence of these modifications spans transcript synthesis, processing, and decay.
  • Many molecular mechanisms underlying these roles are still not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA modifications are integral to gene expression regulation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of mRNA modifications.
  • Future studies should focus on mechanistic details and functional consequences across the mRNA lifecycle.