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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Thyroid cancer.

Debbie W Chen1, Brian H H Lang2, Donald S A McLeod3

  • 1Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|April 6, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advancements offer new diagnostic and treatment options for thyroid cancer, including less invasive procedures and systemic therapies. However, disparities in care persist, highlighting the need for research and diverse patient inclusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The last 5-10 years have seen significant advancements in thyroid cancer diagnosis and management.
  • New ultrasound-based risk stratification systems aim to reduce unnecessary thyroid nodule biopsies.
  • Less invasive treatments and new systemic therapies for advanced thyroid cancer are emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent transformative diagnostic and management options in thyroid cancer care.
  • To highlight the existence of disparities in thyroid cancer diagnosis and management despite advances.
  • To emphasize the need for continued research and equitable patient inclusion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent developments in thyroid cancer diagnostics.
  • Exploration of emerging less invasive treatment alternatives.
  • Analysis of new systemic therapies for advanced disease.
  • Examination of existing disparities in thyroid cancer care.

Main Results:

  • Introduction of novel ultrasound-based risk stratification systems for thyroid nodules.
  • Development of less invasive alternatives to surgery for low-risk thyroid cancer.
  • Availability of new systemic therapies for advanced thyroid cancer patients.
  • Identification of persistent disparities in diagnosis and management.

Conclusions:

  • Despite significant progress, disparities in thyroid cancer care require attention.
  • Support for population-based studies and randomized clinical trials is crucial.
  • Inclusion of diverse patient populations in research is essential to address care barriers and promote equity.