A Highly Robust Amphibious Soft Robot with Imperceptibility Based on a Water-Stable and Self-Healing Ionic Conductor

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are widely exploited for actuating soft machines and granting soft robots with capability to operate in both underwater and on-land environments is important to make them adapt to more complex situations. Here, a DEA-driven, highly robust, amphibious imperceptible soft robot (AISR) based on an all-environment stable ionic conductive material is presented. A soft, self-healable, all-environment stable ionic conductor is developed by introducing cooperative ion-dipole interactions to provide underwater stability as well as efficient suppression of ion penetration. By tuning molecular structures of the material, a 50-time device lifetime increase compared with unmodified [EMI][TFSI]-based devices and excellent underwater actuating performance is achieved. With the synthesized ionic electrode, the DEA-driven soft robot exhibits amphibious functionality to traverse hydro-terrestrial regions. When encountering damage, the robot shows good resilience and can self-heal underwater and it also exhibits imperceptibility to light, sound, and heat.