Costas Sparse 2-D Arrays for High-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging

Two-dimensional arrays enable volumetric ultrasound imaging but have been limited to small aperture size and hence low resolution due to the high cost and complexity of fabrication, addressing, and processing associated with large fully addressed arrays. Here, we propose Costas arrays as a gridded sparse 2-D array architecture for volumetric ultrasound imaging. Costas arrays have exactly one element for every row and column, such that the vector displacement between any pair of elements is unique. These properties ensure aperiodicity, which helps eliminate grating lobes. Compared with previously reported works, we studied the distribution of active elements based on an order-256 Costas layout on a wider aperture ( 96 λ×96 λ at 7.5 MHz center frequency) for high-resolution imaging. Our investigations with focused scanline imaging of point targets and cyst phantoms showed that Costas arrays exhibit lower peak sidelobe levels compared with random sparse arrays of the same size and offer comparable performance in terms of contrast compared with Fermat spiral arrays. In addition, Costas arrays are gridded, which could ease the manufacturing and has one element for each row/column, which enables simple interconnection strategies. Compared with state-of-the-art matrix probes, which are commonly 32×32 , the proposed sparse arrays achieve higher lateral resolution and a wider field of view.