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Related Concept Videos

Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Neuroimmunological Disorders: The Gender Effect.

Edith L Graham1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University, 710 North Lake Shore Drive #1411, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women with multiple sclerosis should optimize disease-modifying therapies before and after pregnancy. Exclusive breastfeeding may reduce postpartum relapse risk, with many therapies safe during this period.

Keywords:
BreastfeedingDisease-modifying therapyFertilityMultiple sclerosisPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) predominantly affects women of childbearing age.
  • Pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of MS relapses.
  • Management of MS during pregnancy requires careful consideration of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review optimal management strategies for multiple sclerosis in women of childbearing potential.
  • To discuss the role of disease-modifying therapies before, during, and after pregnancy.
  • To explore the impact of breastfeeding on postpartum relapse risk and DMT safety.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on multiple sclerosis, pregnancy, and neuroimmunologic disorders.
  • Analysis of current guidelines and evidence regarding DMT use in pregnant and breastfeeding individuals.
  • Synthesis of information on alternative neuroimmunologic treatments during pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Optimizing DMTs before and after pregnancy is crucial to minimize treatment gaps.
  • Exclusive breastfeeding may offer a protective effect against postpartum MS relapses.
  • Several DMTs are considered compatible with breastfeeding.
  • Treatments for other neuroimmunologic conditions (e.g., NMOSD, MOGAD) may involve rituximab, prednisone, or IVIg during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

  • A proactive approach to DMT management is essential for women with MS planning pregnancy.
  • Breastfeeding is encouraged for its potential benefits in reducing postpartum relapse risk.
  • Individualized treatment plans are necessary for managing MS and other neuroimmunologic disorders throughout pregnancy.