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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Sample Preparation Techniques
  • Chromatography

Background:

  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a versatile sample preparation technique.
  • Complex matrices can cause displacement effects in SPME, leading to non-linear calibration curves and inaccurate quantification of polar analytes.
  • Existing SPME methods struggle with high concentrations of nonpolar substances or analytes with high affinity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions causing displacement effects in SPME.
  • To develop a strategy to mitigate the displacement effect for accurate quantitative analysis of polar analytes.
  • To enable the simultaneous determination of polar and nonpolar drugs of abuse in biological samples.

Main Methods:

  • A sequential SPME strategy was developed using two SPME blades with different selectivities.
  • The first step utilized a C18/PAN-coated blade to reduce nonpolar compounds.
  • The second step employed a hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB)/PAN-coated blade for extracting polar and remaining nonpolar analytes.

Main Results:

  • The sequential SPME strategy effectively minimized the displacement effect.
  • SPME blades with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) binders prevented macromolecule adsorption in complex matrices.
  • The method successfully quantified polar and nonpolar drugs of abuse (log P 0.16–4.98) in biological matrices with good linearity.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential SPME using selective blades is a robust solution for analyzing complex samples.
  • This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional SPME, enabling accurate quantification of analytes with varying polarities.
  • The developed method offers a reliable tool for drug abuse testing in biological and food samples.