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A Bivalent Inactivated Vaccine Prevents Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Infections in the Mongolian Gerbil

Eun-Je Yi1, Young-In Kim1, Seung-Yeon Kim2

  • 1Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.

Biomolecules & Therapeutics
|April 11, 2023
PubMed

Insights

A new bivalent vaccine combining inactivated Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) shows promise for preventing hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Studies indicate it boosts antibody production and protects against severe symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness in young children, primarily caused by coxsackievirus (CV) and enterovirus (EV).
  • Current therapeutic options for HFMD are limited, highlighting the need for effective preventive strategies like vaccination.
  • Developing a bivalent vaccine targeting multiple EV strains, such as EV71 and CVA16, is crucial for broad protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a bivalent inactivated vaccine against Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in a Mongolian gerbil model.
  • To assess the vaccine's ability to induce immune responses, protect against viral challenge, and mitigate disease symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Mongolian gerbils were immunized with a bivalent inactivated EV71 C4a and CVA16 vaccine at varying doses.
  • Humoral immunity was assessed by measuring Ag-specific IgG antibody production.
  • Cellular immunity was evaluated by analyzing T cell-biased cytokine gene expression (Th1, Th2, Th17).
  • Vaccine efficacy was determined by challenging immunized gerbils with live viruses, monitoring for paralytic signs, survival rates, viral RNA load in organs, and histological tissue damage.

Main Results:

  • Bivalent vaccine immunization significantly increased EV71- and CVA16-specific IgG antibody levels in a dose-dependent manner.
  • High-dose immunization strongly activated Th1, Th2, and Th17 immune responses.
  • Vaccination mitigated paralytic symptoms, increased survival rates, and significantly reduced viral RNA loads in various organs post-challenge.
  • Histological examination revealed that the vaccine alleviated EV71 and CVA16-induced tissue damage in the heart and muscle.

Conclusions:

  • The bivalent inactivated EV71 C4a/CVA16 vaccine is a safe and effective candidate for preventing HFMD.
  • The vaccine demonstrates potential for broad protection against major HFMD-causing enteroviruses.
  • Further research and clinical trials are warranted to confirm its efficacy in human populations.
Keywords:
Bivalent vaccineCoxsackievirus A16Enterovirus 71GerbilHand-foot-and-mouth disease

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