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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Updated: Aug 3, 2025

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Epigenetic Reprogramming and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.

Luna N Vargas1,2, Márcia M Silveira1,2, Maurício M Franco3,4,5

  • 1Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetics involves heritable gene expression changes without altering DNA sequence. Environmental factors and cloning can disrupt these crucial epigenetic reprogramming events during development.

Keywords:
Early embryo developmentEpigeneticsNuclear transplantationReprogrammingSomatic cell nuclear transfer

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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Epigenetics governs gene expression via DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs.
  • Mammalian development involves two major epigenetic reprogramming waves: during gametogenesis and post-fertilization.

Approach:

  • This review details epigenetic mechanisms in mammalian preimplantation development.
  • It examines the impact of environmental factors and somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) on epigenetic patterns.

Key Points:

  • Environmental factors (pollutants, nutrition, stress) can negatively impact epigenetic reprogramming.
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) poses detrimental effects on epigenetic pattern reprogramming.
  • Molecular alternatives are explored to mitigate negative impacts of cloning on epigenetics.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding epigenetic reprogramming is vital for normal mammalian development.
  • Mitigating detrimental epigenetic effects from environmental factors and assisted reproductive technologies is crucial.