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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Early Cell Specification in Mammalian Fertilized and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos.

Marcelo D Goissis1, Jose B Cibelli2

  • 1Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. mdgoissis@usp.br.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
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Summary

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can create blastocysts but often results in placental defects, hindering full-term development. This review explores early cell fate decisions in SCNT embryos to identify causes for cloning inefficiencies.

Keywords:
BlastocystEpiblastInner cell massPrimitive endodermTotipotencyTrophectoderm

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Technologies

Background:

  • Early mammalian development involves precise cell specification into inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) lineages.
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) requires reprogramming differentiated nuclei to a totipotent state for blastocyst formation.

Approach:

  • This review compares early cell fate decisions in fertilized and SCNT-derived embryos.
  • It analyzes potential impacts of SCNT on gene expression and lineage segregation.

Key Points:

  • SCNT can produce blastocysts with ICM and TE, but full-term development is often compromised.
  • Placental defects are a primary cause of developmental failure in SCNT embryos.
  • Reprogramming efficiency and early cell fate choices in SCNT warrant further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • SCNT-derived embryos may exhibit subtle defects in early cell specification, impacting placental development.
  • Understanding these SCNT-induced alterations is crucial for improving reproductive cloning success.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SCNT-related developmental issues.