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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

234
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
234
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

482
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
482
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

446
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
446
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

482
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
482
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

227
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
227
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

721
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
721

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Epilepsy following herpes simplex encephalitis - A case series.

Nir Hersh1, Haim Ben Zvi2, Lilach Goldstein3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Neurology Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel.

Epilepsy Research
|April 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Younger age and acute symptomatic seizures (ASS) are key predictors for developing epilepsy after herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Other factors like imaging and EEG results did not show a significant association with post-encephalitis epilepsy (PE).

Keywords:
EncephalitisEpilepsyHSV1Herpes

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A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

20.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe neurological condition with significant mortality and morbidity.
  • HSE presents with acute symptoms like headaches, confusion, and seizures, potentially leading to chronic epilepsy and deficits.
  • The incidence of HSE is approximately 1 in 250,000.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify risk factors for predicting the development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) following herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE).
  • This study aims to understand the predictors of post-encephalitic epilepsy (PE) in adult patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective single-center study analyzing medical records of patients over 18 years old hospitalized between January 2005 and September 2019.
  • HSE diagnosis confirmed by positive HSV testing in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Inclusion criteria required a diagnosis of "encephalitis" and "herpes simplex virus" infection.

Main Results:

  • Out of 23 eligible patients, 34.8% developed epilepsy during a mean follow-up of approximately 60 months.
  • Acute symptomatic seizures (ASS) during the initial HSE phase were associated with an 8-fold increased risk of developing PE.
  • Younger age was identified as a significant risk factor for PE, while CSF results, brain imaging, and EEG findings were not.

Conclusions:

  • Younger age and the occurrence of acute symptomatic seizures (ASS) are significant predictors for developing post-encephalitic epilepsy (PE) after HSE.
  • Brain imaging, CSF analysis, and EEG results were not found to be associated with the development of epilepsy post-HSE.
  • These findings highlight the importance of monitoring for epilepsy in younger patients who experience ASS during HSE.