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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

690
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
17.2K
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

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Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
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Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

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Antigen receptor structure and signaling.

Fang Han1, Yan Chen1, Yuwei Zhu1

  • 1HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.

Advances in Immunology
|April 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding antigen receptor structure and signaling is crucial for immune response. This knowledge aids in developing immunotherapies for diseases and tumors.

Keywords:
Antigen receptorsBCRStructure and signalingTCR

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Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immune responses rely on coordinated host cell actions against pathogens.
  • Antigen receptors, like T cell (TCR) and B cell (BCR) receptors, are key to recognizing antigens and initiating signaling pathways.
  • The structure and signaling of antigen receptors dictate immune cell fate and responses.

Approach:

  • This review details current understanding and recent advancements in antigen receptor structure and signaling.
  • It synthesizes research on how receptor structure influences signal transduction.
  • The review connects structural and signaling insights to immune response mechanisms.

Key Points:

  • Antigen receptor structure directly impacts signaling pathways and immune cell activation.
  • Signal transduction initiated by TCR and BCR determines cellular responses and fate.
  • Research into antigen receptor structure provides a basis for understanding immune diseases and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding antigen receptor structure and signaling are critical for deciphering immune responses.
  • This knowledge is foundational for designing novel immunotherapies.
  • Further research in this area holds promise for treating immune-related diseases and tumors.