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Simultaneous real-time EEG-fMRI neurofeedback: A systematic review.

Giuseppina Ciccarelli1, Giovanni Federico1, Giulia Mele1

  • 1IRCCS SYNLAB SDN S.p.A., Naples, Italy.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|April 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Neurofeedback (NF) using combined EEG-fMRI offers potential for neurological conditions. However, current research lacks homogeneity, requiring more studies to determine therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords:
EEG-fMRIbiofeedbackclinical neuroscienceneurofeedbacksimultaneous

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biofeedback
  • Neurological Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Neurofeedback (NF) is a biofeedback method for self-regulation of brain activity.
  • Traditional NF uses single modalities like electroencephalography (EEG-NF) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI-NF).
  • Simultaneous EEG-fMRI combines high temporal and spatial resolution, enhancing NF accuracy.

Approach:

  • A systematic review of 17 EEG-fMRI-NF studies was conducted.
  • The review aimed to assess the potential and effectiveness of combined EEG-fMRI-NF for neurological conditions.
  • Identified limitations include study heterogeneity and a lack of standardized protocols.

Key Points:

  • Simultaneous EEG-fMRI-NF combines high temporal (EEG) and spatial (fMRI) resolution.
  • Studies reviewed exhibited significant variability in sample size, acquisition methods, and therapeutic targets.
  • Most studies involved only a single NF session, hindering efficacy assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Combined EEG-fMRI-NF shows promise but requires further investigation due to study heterogeneity.
  • The limited number of sessions in most studies impedes assessment of long-term therapeutic benefits.
  • More rigorous research is essential to fully elucidate the clinical and non-clinical potential of EEG-fMRI-NF.