Simultaneous real-time EEG-fMRI neurofeedback: A systematic review

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Biofeedback
• Neurological Rehabilitation

Background:

• Neurofeedback (NF) is a biofeedback method for self-regulation of brain activity.
• Traditional NF uses single modalities like electroencephalography (EEG-NF) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI-NF).
• Simultaneous EEG-fMRI combines high temporal and spatial resolution, enhancing NF accuracy.

Approach:

• A systematic review of 17 EEG-fMRI-NF studies was conducted.
• The review aimed to assess the potential and effectiveness of combined EEG-fMRI-NF for neurological conditions.
• Identified limitations include study heterogeneity and a lack of standardized protocols.

Key Points:

• Simultaneous EEG-fMRI-NF combines high temporal (EEG) and spatial (fMRI) resolution.
• Studies reviewed exhibited significant variability in sample size, acquisition methods, and therapeutic targets.
• Most studies involved only a single NF session, hindering efficacy assessment.

Conclusions:

• Combined EEG-fMRI-NF shows promise but requires further investigation due to study heterogeneity.
• The limited number of sessions in most studies impedes assessment of long-term therapeutic benefits.
• More rigorous research is essential to fully elucidate the clinical and non-clinical potential of EEG-fMRI-NF.