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Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Language athletes: Dual-language code-switchers exhibit inhibitory control advantages.

Leah Gosselin1, Laura Sabourin1

  • 1ERP-Ling Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Psychology
|April 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Dual-language bilinguals who intentionally code-switch show enhanced inhibitory control. However, frequent unintentional code-switching may reduce these cognitive benefits, highlighting the importance of language environment.

Keywords:
adaptive control hypothesisbilingualismcode-switchingexecutive functioninhibitory controlinteractional context

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Bilingual cognition research is shifting towards experienced-based perspectives.
  • Code-switching's impact on executive functions, particularly inhibitory control, is under-examined.
  • Dual-language environments may foster cognitive control through habitual code-switching.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of code-switching frequency and intentionality on inhibitory control in bilinguals.
  • To explore the role of the dual-language environment in shaping cognitive control.
  • To determine if code-switching confers executive functioning advantages.

Main Methods:

  • 266 French Canadian bilinguals completed online Flanker and bilingual Stroop tasks.
  • Participants also completed demographic and language background questionnaires.
  • Stepwise multiple regressions analyzed predictors of inhibitory control effects.

Main Results:

  • Habitual French-to-English code-switching correlated with better goal-monitoring and inhibition (Flanker task).
  • Frequent unintentional code-switching negatively impacted inhibitory skills on the language-specific task (Stroop).
  • Intentional code-switching in a dual-language context was linked to enhanced inhibitory control.

Conclusions:

  • Dual-language environments promote intentional code-switching, which is associated with improved inhibitory control.
  • The benefits of code-switching on executive functions are contingent on the deliberateness of the switching.
  • Individual language experience and interactional context are crucial for understanding bilingual executive functioning.